10 Tenets of MOT and the IT Organization Essay Example for Free

10 Tenets of MOT and the IT Organization Essay A tenet is a principle based on observation, intuition, experience, and in some cases, empirical analysis. Based on a study presented in the Handbook of Technology Management by Gerard Gaynor, Ten tenets are proposed as guiding principles for an organization to operate within a technology cycle framework. These are: 1. Value diversification is a poor substitute for MOT. 2. Manufacturability must keep pace with inventiveness and marketability. 3. Quality and total productivity are inseparable concepts in managing technology. 4.  It is management’s responsibility to bring about technological change and job security for long term competitiveness. 5. Technology must be the ‘servant’ not the ‘master’; the master is still the human being. 6. The consequences of technology selection can be more serious than expected because of systematic effects. 7. Continuous education and training in a constantly changing workplace is a necessity, not a luxury. 8. Technology gradient is a dynamic component of the technology management process, to be monitored for strategic advantage. 9.  The RTC factor must be carefully analyzed and meticulously monitored for gaining the most out of any technology, particularly a new one. 10. Information linkage must keep pace with technology growth. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay In the case of an IT Organization, the essence of the management several factors of technology are realized based on the above specified MOT principles. The following may be derived: †¢ Importance of Core Technologies and Core Competencies. Analysis of the competencies and technological capability of an IT Organization will provide information on the inherent competitive ability of the organization, or the absence of such. This is a step towards active management of technology. †¢ Inventiveness versus Market Drive. For an IT Organization, this translates to building an output-driven innovative culture versus customizing products and processes based on Market-demand. †¢ Total Quality Management. Quality Assurance and Quality Control procedures are essential to monitor processes and the process improvement practice within an organization. †¢ Initiation and Management of Technological Change. Conscious effort to improve current technology should e a consistent activity in an IT Organization. This may be a result of observed updates in the industry or an internal effort to innovate and update according to changing business needs. †¢ Security for Competitiveness. As an industry with established processes, functions and professional track, job security through skills-based retention and promotion should be encouraged. This will invite constructive competitiveness and improve the industryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s workforce. †¢ Technology is the medium and the tool, it is not the solution.  The main product for an organization that offers Information Technology as a service is the solution. The technology is the enabler, while the process is the company-specific activity that adds value to the solution. †¢ Organizational Systems and the Effect of Technology. The effect of information technology to the organization encompasses structures and organization systems. As processes and needs are updated, technologies or the manner that it is implemented should be revised complementarily. The reverse does not always follow. The Essence of Training and Education in an IT Organization. With the Human Resource as the main and sole source value and new service introduction, investment in further education is essential to an IT Organization. Technology managemet assessment: TA is the study and evaluation of new technologies. It is based on the conviction that new developments within, and discoveries by, t he scientific community are relevant for the world at large rather than just for the scientific experts themselves, and that technological progress can never be free of ethical implications. Also, technology assessment recognizes the fact that scientists normally are not trained ethicists themselves and accordingly ought to be very careful when passing ethical judgement on their own, or their colleagues, new findings, projects, or work in progress. Technology assessment assumes a global perspective and is future-oriented, not anti-technological. TA considers its task as interdisciplinary approach to solving already existing problems and preventing potential damage caused by the uncritical application and the commercialization of new technologies. Therefore any results of technology assessment studies must be published, and particular consideration must be given to communication with political decision-makers. An important problem, TA has to deal with it, is the so-called Collingridge dilemma: on the one hand, impacts of new technologies cannot be easily predicted until the technology is extensively developed and widely used; on the other hand, control or change of a technology is difficult as soon as it is widely used. Some of the major fields of TA are: information technology, hydrogen technologies, nuclear technology, molecular nanotechnology, pharmacology, organ transplants, gene technology, artificial intelligence, the Internet and many more. Health technology assessment is related, but profoundly different, despite the similarity in the name. Forms and concepts of technology assessment The following types of concepts of TA are those that are most visible and practiced. There are, however, a number of further TA forms that are only proposed as concepts in the literature or are the label used by a particular TA institution. 2] †¢ Parliamentary TA (PTA): TA activities of various kinds whose addressee is a parliament. PTA may be performed directly by members of those parliaments (e. g. in France and Finland) or on their behalf by related TA institutions (such as in the UK, in Germany and Denmark) or by organisations not directly linked to a Parliament (such as in the Netherlands and Switzerland). [3] †¢ Expert TA (often also referred to as the classical TA or traditional TA concept): TA activities carried out by (a team of) TA and technical experts. Input from stakeholders and other actors is included only via written statements, documents and interviews, but not as in participatory TA. †¢ Participatory TA (pTA): TA activities which actively, systematically and methodologically involve various kinds of social actors as assessors and discussants, such as different kinds of civil society organisations, representatives of the state systems, but characteristically also individual stakeholders and citizens (lay persons), technical scientists and technical experts. Standard pTA methods include consensus conferences, focus groups, scenario workshops etc. [4] Sometimes pTA is further divided into expert-stakeholder pTA and public pTA (including lay persons). [5] †¢ Constructive TA (CTA): This concept of TA, developed in the Netherlands, but also applied and discussed elsewhere[6] attempts to broaden the design of new technology through feedback of TA activities into the actual construction of technology. Contrary to other forms of TA, CTA is not directed toward influencing regulatory practices by assessing the impacts of technology. Instead, CTA wants to address social issues around technology by influencing design practices. †¢ Discursive TA or Argumentative TA: This type of TA wants to deepen the political and normative debate about science, technology and society. It is inspired by ethics, policy discourse analysis and the sociology of expectations in science and technology. This mode of TA aims to clarify and bring under public and political scrutiny the normative assumptions and visions that drive the actors who are socially shaping science and technology. Accordingly, argumentative TA not only addresses the side effects of technological change, but deals with both broader impacts of science and technology and the fundamental normative question of why developing a certain technology is legitimate and desirable. [7] †¢ Health TA (HTA): A specialised type of expert TA informing policy makers about efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness issues of pharmaceuticals and medical treatments, see health technology assessment.

My Friend Essay -- describe a potential classmate

Question: Many students expand their view of the world during their time in college. Such growth often results from encounters between students who have lived different cultural, economic, or academic experiences. With your future growth in mind, describe a potential classmate that you believe you could learn from either within or outside a formal classroom environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard to think about specific qualities of someone whom I could learn from without examining my own background and surroundings. My hometown of Wayland, Massachusetts is probably much different than Austin, Texas. Wayland is a small suburban town about twenty miles west of Boston. It is not extremely crowded here, but there are probably enough people and buildings to generate at least a small sense of claustrophobia in someone who is used to an open landscape. Wayland is a very intellectual community, and virtually all of the adults are well educated and many hold a professional degree. Most of the high school students are diligent about their studies, and just about everybody lives a comfortable, safe life here. Unfortunately, there isn’t much excitement in this town, and unless one stays busy with a hobby, job, or other activity, it can be downright boring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My friend, Bob was much different than anyone I knew in Wayland. I’d have to say some of my friends from Wayland would probably think Bob is a hick because of his rural background, but he’s smarter than just about all of them. I met... My Friend Essay -- describe a potential classmate Question: Many students expand their view of the world during their time in college. Such growth often results from encounters between students who have lived different cultural, economic, or academic experiences. With your future growth in mind, describe a potential classmate that you believe you could learn from either within or outside a formal classroom environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard to think about specific qualities of someone whom I could learn from without examining my own background and surroundings. My hometown of Wayland, Massachusetts is probably much different than Austin, Texas. Wayland is a small suburban town about twenty miles west of Boston. It is not extremely crowded here, but there are probably enough people and buildings to generate at least a small sense of claustrophobia in someone who is used to an open landscape. Wayland is a very intellectual community, and virtually all of the adults are well educated and many hold a professional degree. Most of the high school students are diligent about their studies, and just about everybody lives a comfortable, safe life here. Unfortunately, there isn’t much excitement in this town, and unless one stays busy with a hobby, job, or other activity, it can be downright boring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My friend, Bob was much different than anyone I knew in Wayland. I’d have to say some of my friends from Wayland would probably think Bob is a hick because of his rural background, but he’s smarter than just about all of them. I met...

Ice Cream Galore Btec Unit 9

Ice Cream Galore Made by: H. Hassan Index * P1 describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service * P2 explain the role of promotion within the marketing mix for a selected product/service * P3 explain the role of advertising agencies and the media in the development of a successful promotional campaign * P4 explain the reasons behind the choice of media in a successful promotional campaign P1The Promotional mix contains out of different elements who are necessary for the information of all target customers that means it’s not just for the people who already know about the product but also for the people who are completely unaware it all depends on how you use the elements of the promotional mix which are: 1. Advertising Any paid form of non-personal communication through mass media   about a service or product   or an idea is called advertising. It is done through non personal channels or media.Print advertisements, advertisemen ts in Television, Radio, Billboard, Cataloges, Direct mails, In-store display, , emails, posters are some of the examples of advertising. Paid promotion and presentation of goods, services, comes under the advertisement 2. Personal selling This is a process by which a person persuades the buyer to accept a product or a point of view or convince the buyer to take specific course of action through face to face contact. Examples: Sales Meetings, sales presentations, sales training, samples and telemarketing etc.It can be of face-to-face or through telephone contact. 3. Sales promotion Many different products are often sold with a discount. Companies use these kind of sales promotion a lot. They do this so that more people will buy the product, resulting in a bigger profit or so they can get rid of their old products because they are waiting for a new product to come out 4. Public relations A lot of big businesses also have a negative side. It’s the PR’s goals to make the business look as good as possible for the public 5. Direct marketingDirect marketing is a way of marketing to a particular group such as young male students Business use very advanced ways into reaching the people they want to inform of their product or discount 6. Sponsorship Sponsorship is a way to of promoting by being connected to someone or something companies pay a lot to like an athlete wearing their name on his shirt P1/P2 BCC BCC is a high tech company selling all the electrical equipment u need at your home. They use the promotional mix to attract customers and sell products. hey use a store as well as a web shop Advertising: BCC has got a lot of commercials and nationally known slogans such as â€Å"Low Prices High Service† Personal Selling: They use personal selling a lot, try walking in to a bcc store without getting jumped by a salesman. Their strategy is you come in to the store for headphones and you leave with a phone or tv. Sales Promotion: They give you dis count ,when u buy more than 1 product and give the opportunity to pay it off with a monthly fee. Sponsorship: They sponsored The Dutch soccer team at WK 2010 named â€Å"Het officiele thuis supporters packet â€Å" (http://www. nederlandsmedianetwerk. l/profiles/blogs/bcc-officieel-sponsor-van-de) Direct marketing: They use direct marketing by sending u emails of their discount if you’re in their database because u bought something from them in the past Public relations : They are known because of their slogan Low Prices High Service. If something doesn’t work they will immediately help you out through the phone or at their store The role of their promotion that people are aware that they are there and give them the image that they are the best and reliable with repairs and such so that u feel comfortable with buying a new TV without thinking that it might break .Unicef Unicef stands for United Nations Children's Fund. It’s a children rights organisation of th e United Nations. Their Goal is that all children get the same rights such as education, food ,vaccinations and help cure aids and other diseases Advertising: Unicef advertises a lot they have people on the streets collecting money. They got commercials and famous people supporting them at benefit concerts here Personal Selling: They do use personal selling by for example the people who come knock on your door raising money or have a stall with unicef shirts and caps that u can buySales promotion: They don’t give discounts because it’s about them helping children it depends on you how much u want to give there are no standard prices Sponsorship :They sponsor one of the greatest soccer team in the world FC Barcelona and the Grand Prix as well as NASCAR. Direct Marketing: They use direct marketing u can subscribe to their site and they send u emails and information about their campaigns or benefit concerts they look for people with a soft hart and care about children I t hink they mostly aim at rich housewives with children their ownPublic Relations: They are extremely kind to u and u can always call or mail them or go to their local office if u have any questions. Unicef depends on promotion they need it so people can donate money to them without promotion no one would trust the organisation with their money they would think that they will just keep it. They promote it with sad children that are all bruised up so that they get your compassion and eventually your money.

Human Resource Management and Business Strategy - 5165 Words

| Human Resource Management and Business Strategy | | | Abstract Human resource strategies of the group Sun City International have been identified and analysed for purposes of this report. While reviewing the different related literature this report attempts, through an analysis of external and internal factors, to examine how strategic management may help to deal with challenges and changes in a company, closely linked to the human resource department of the group. Finally, the impacts of all the possibilities and past activities are stated, and methods and recommendations are proposed for the Group in concluding this research. Table of Contents 1. Introduction - 5 - 2. Aim and Objectives - 5 - 2.1†¦show more content†¦Various authors are critically analyzed threw qualitative researches aiming for continuous triangulation and adding in reliability and validity (Saunders et al. 2009). The approach is deductive as the analysis is structured and mainly focused on scientific principle. The author decided to investigate the strategic human resource methods implemented by the company Sun International, an international hospitality company with a corporate focus on hotels, resorts and casinos, through two different analysis methods; the S.W.O.T. and the P.E.S.T.E.L. The S.W.O.T. being a strategic planning method utilized to evaluate internally and externally the different strengths, weaknesses, market opportunities and threats inherent to the company. Moreover, the P.E.S.T.E.L analysis deeply studies the core elements and forces of political, economic, social and technological environments. Company Background The Group Sun International is from South Africa; it is a hotel group and chain of resorts and casinos. The Group began with an Iconic hotel and resort called Sun City, located in what was considered a home-land in South Africa’s early history, neighbouring the area of Johannesburg and Pretoria. Developed and opened by owner Sol Kerzner, Sun City was South Africa’s first five star hotel to be opened during the time of the Apartheid. Sun International Is a group conceived from another company group called Sothern Sun, throughShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management And Business Strategy Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween human resource management and business strategy is one of the most m important demands that are placed upon modern strategic human resource management. In both the management and the academic literature, it is generally acknowledged that the strategic deployment and management of personnel can contribute to the success and continuity of the firm. Some go even further by stating that a firm’s human resources form the basis of the firm’s competitive advantage. In this view, the human resourcesRead MoreCase Analysis: Zappos Human Resource Management and Business Strategy673 Words   |  3 Pagesapplied to all new employees, regardless of position. Passing the training is a prerequisite for retaining ones position as a Zappos employee. During the first week of training, new hires are offered a maximum $2,000 for leaving the company. This strategy is used to weed out uncommitted new employees. Generally, there are very few who accept the offer in favor of their jobs at the company. 3. What is unique about the hiring and orientation practices is the emphasis the company places on ensuringRead Moreâ€Å"Critically Assess the View That Human Resource Management Practices Should Be Designed to Fit the Business Strategies and Objectives†Ã¢â‚¬Æ'1310 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: â€Å"Critically assess the view that human resource management practices should be designed to fit the business strategies and objectives†Ã¢â‚¬Æ' Dynamism is increasingly becoming a feature of the business environment, so what can businesses do to attain and sustain a competitive advantage? 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The responsibility of adhering to the business strategy falls on the managers, who must use the resources at hand, keeping in context with the business environment theirRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human resource management Introduction As storey (2001) explains that human resource management concept is typical approach to business which quest to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic disposition of dedicated and committed human work force using array of values, culture, personnel and structural techniques. In simple word Human resource denotes to employees that help to run and drives an organisation which is also the main workforce of any organisation

The Effects Of Water Pollution On The World s Fresh Water...

There are several factors that have led to a significant portion of the world’s fresh water supply being polluted. Most of them are either indirectly or directly caused by humans. For instance pesticides used for farming can seep in to underground water supplies and pollute the ground water. Many countries dump large amounts of sewage into the both oceans and rivers each day, leaving many people without safe drinking water. This paper will discuss some of the factors causing water pollution, as well as possible solutions to the increasing amount of water pollution worldwide, and also ways to prevent it in the future. Water pollution is the contamination of natural bodies of water by various hazardous waste, such as chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Averse water quality can cause several different types of ailments, for example cholera is spread through contaminated food and water. It is most common in areas without a waste treatment systems, s o the sewage seeps into the town’s water supply. There are four classes of water pollutants first being Chemical Pollutants which are â€Å"generally atoms or molecules, which have been discharged into natural water bodies, usually by activities of humans.† (Hogan) The second class being Physical Pollutants such as trash or temperature change. The third class is Radioactive substances â€Å"a special sub-class of chemical pollutants, and by mass represent the smallest of the contributors to water pollution.†Show MoreRelatedThe Global Water Supply Is Essential For The Survival Of All Species1677 Words   |  7 PagesWater is the most important substances on Earth as it is essential for the survival of all species. Water covers seventy-six percent of our planet, and it is easy to think that it will always be plentiful (Girard). However, the way society misuse the substance makes freshwater start to become incredibly rare. The global water supply is becoming more of an issue every day. Water is a resource that much of the developed world takes for granted, but that many in the developing world struggles to findRead MoreA Brief Note On Dirty And Polluted Water1737 Words   |  7 PagesOur Most Precious Resource Dirty and polluted water is one of the world’s biggest healthcare risks that threaten both the quality of life and public health. Pollution may come in the form of inappropriate disposal of garbage, improper treatment of sewage and agricultural run-off. This pollution affects not only the quality of the water but also the wellbeing of the citizens. Still, many people claim that the probability of doing harm by polluting our oceans, rivers and streams is less significantRead MoreThe Effects Of Burning Non Renewable Resources On The Modern World1329 Words   |  6 Pageslive. Modern world creates a frame of how one should live and outlines the direction in which one should develop. 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Today many people don’t think twice about how we use the water or how much garbage we put in it. Which take us to our issues today. One, water shortage in many places, as well health risks thatRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Economic Crisis1684 Words   |  7 Pagesa No Cochabamba, one of the poorest cities in the world has almost no access to safe water and its citizens suffer from life threatening waterborne disease. Cochabamba’s economy cannot afford the necessary infrastructure to ensure everyone access to safe water. Bechtel must privatize Cochabamba’s water, offloading the previously unaffordable infrastructure to distribute water to the underserved poor. 1 - How did Bolivia get into the situation it s in now? What led to this need for privatization

Taking a Look at Marfan Syndrome - 625 Words

Marfan Syndrome, which is named after Antoine Marfan who first described the disorder in 1896, is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissues found throughout the body. This syndrome can affect many different parts of the body, but the most commonly affected are the heart, blood vessels, bones, joints, respiratory system, nervous system, and eyes. Thankfully, a person’s intelligence is never affected. Marfan syndrome affects people from all races and ethnic backgrounds, and this often makes it hard to detect. It is a pretty rare genetic disorder affecting only about 1 in every 5,000 people. This syndrome is from a mutation of a gene on chromosome 15 and this causes problems in the production of fibrillin-1 which is a protein that is an important part of connective tissue. The name for the gene is FBN1. Basically, it is the â€Å"glue† that helps to support the tissues in the human body. A child born to a parent with this syndrome has a 50% of having it. However, in the remaining 25%, neither parent has the disease which gives them a 1 in 10,000 chance of having a child with this disorder. When a child of two unaffected parents is born with it then the genetic mutation occurs in either the egg or sperm cell at the time of conception. The defect of this â€Å"glue† leads to phenotypes such as a thin, lanky build, flexible joints, sunken eyes, a chest that is sunken in or bulges out, curvature of the spine to one side (scoliosis), and flat feet. There are otherShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Origins of Akhenaten1804 Words   |  8 Pageshe suffered from some sort of disease such as Froehlich syndrome (tumor of the pituitary gland) or Marfan syndrome. His elder brother the original heir to the throne died early and this could support the theory that there was a genetic defect running in the family. If this was the case however, why would the royal family hide Akhenaten from public view, if both sons suffered from the same disease? Both Froehlich syndrome and Marfan’s syndrome correspond with some of the physical characteristics AkhenatenRead MoreThe Great Impact African American Women On Society1535 Words   |  7 Pageswith 3 other African American individuals. Many have the misconception that she was sitting in the white section, but she was not. When the bus reached the 3rd stop all the seats in the â€Å"Whites Only† section were filled, and the caucasians were now taking over the front of the â€Å"Colored† section. The bus driver ordered Rosa and the 3 others to move. The 3 other individuals stood up and moved without hesitation. But Rosa did not. Even after the bus driver explained to her that he could call the policeRead MoreRisk For Complications During And After The Procedure Of A Hospital Floor1943 Words   |  8 Pagespatient was a 69-year-old male. He was experiencing fluid buildup around his previous knee replacement. His past medical history includes hyperactive thyroid, g laucoma, osteopenia, coronary artery disease, GERD, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, marfan syndrome, trans ischemia attack, hearing loss, osteoarthritis and neuropathy. He has also had a lumbar laminectomy, bilateral knee replacements, a right shoulder replacement and clavicle repair. The patient was having this procedure because he was experiencingRead MoreEssay on Abortion Is Wrong5234 Words   |  21 Pageseither side of abortion, passed. My Opinion On the Abortion Issue Arizonan?s are lucky that at the current time, legislators are more on the pro-life side than pro-choice side. Abortion, in my opinion is the most wrong and sinful act that is taking place in the world today. A child is a child no matter how many seconds he is old. Killing is killing, whether the person has actually been born or not. How can a man be convicted of double homicide if he kills a mother and her unborn child if, as

Food in the City for Beef Production on Environment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFood in the City for Beef Production on Environment. Answer: Ecology Impact of beef production on environment The environmental impact of beef production depends highly on the various kinds of agricultural practices across the world. Some of the negative impacts that have been imposed on environment due to production of beef include environment pollution due to high usage of fossil fuel, effluent waste, animal methane and consumption of water and land. According to the researchers, livestock sectors can be considered as one of the chief stressors of the global ecosystem. Thus is because, it is one of the largest source of greenhouse gases, one of the reason behind the loss of biodiversity and in various under developed and developed countries, a leading source of water pollution (Rs et al., 2013). Politics Impact of government regulations on beef production Have there been any trade agreements or disagreements about your product? Government regulation imposes a crucial role in shaping the beef industry of USA. In the 19th century, advancement in technology had led to the development of highly concentrated meatpacking industry in US. . In order to ensure the quality of beef, the government had implemented regulations, especially USDA Grading. However, beef production of USA is suffering from multi-tasking issue, since the course grading system of USDA is failing to ensure the quality of beef. This system focuses on the quantity of the beef production only while the quantity of beef production is hampered. Due to the free trade agreement between various countries, the beef industry is steadily regaining global market. In 2015, a free agreement named JAEPA had taken place between Japan and Australia with a reduction of tariff rate for Australian beef import (Cooper et al., 2012). Besides that, the free trade agreement between Australia and South Korea took place in 2014. Apart from that, the Canada Korea free trade agreement took force in 2015. Culture Impact of beef on culture and history related to beef Beef is a highly consumed product in the majority of countries across the world. Some of the chief places where the mentioned product is highly celebrated as a popular food product are Canada, Brazil, EU and USA. Canadians are proud of their beef production. Being a highly popular food, it strengthens the culture o a great extent. Beef is considered to be a must-have in special ceremonies like wedding or picnic. One of the mention-worthy historical facts about cattle is that cattle were first brought to western hemisphere by Columbus in 1493. In 1519, the offspring of the same cattle was carried to Mexico by Spanish explorer Hernando Cortex. Economics How profitable (or not) has this product been? Where are the producers and/or manufacturers located? How does this impact the product? Does the manufacturing of this product raise any ethical questions? How has technology changed the way we produce, manufacture and/or distribute this product? Beef production is considered to be the easiest and most profitable livestock to be raised for money. The profit ranges from 30,000 dollars to 100,000 dollars (Preston Willis, 2013). Beef cows are raised by cattle farmers in regions with sufficient pasture and hay. The quality of beef depends on the quality and amount of hay fed to the cattle by the farmers. In various parts of the world, ethical issues have been raised over the consumption of beef. In order to meet the increasing demand for beef, new technologies like bio-digesters and bio-ethanol production are used by the beef producers. Both online and offline services are used to distribute beef in various parts of the world. Reference List Cooper, W. H., Manyin, M. E., Jurenas, R., Platzer, M. D. (2012). The Proposed US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Provisions and Implications.Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia,21(1), 1. Preston, T. R., Willis, M. B. (2013).Intensive beef production. Elsevier, 12-15 Rs, E., Sundberg, C., Tidker, P., Strid, I., Hansson, P. A. (2013). Can carbon footprint serve as an indicator of the environmental impact of meat production?.Ecological Indicators,24, 573-581.